Overhead view of a bald scalp before and immediately after a hair transplant, with freshly implanted grafts.

Hair Transplant for Advanced Baldness

  • An honest assessment of your donor hair
  • Modern FUE & DHI techniques
  • All-inclusive price with no hidden costs
  • A natural-looking new hairline

free & without obligation

4.9 out of 5 stars on Google

Experience and Certification

More than 150,000 treatments
at our specialist clinic, certified to ISO 9001:2015
by TÜV Thüringen.

ISO 9001:2015, TÜV Thüringen and health certification seals for the Elithair clinic
Honest from the start

Hair Transplant for Advanced Baldness: What Can You Realistically Expect?

Baldness often changes your appearance in the mirror more than any other form of hair loss, so wanting a fuller head of hair again is completely understandable.

Whether a hair transplant can restore that fullness depends less on how bald you are today and more on how much healthy donor hair remains at the back of your head (Balwi et al. 2026).

The amount of suitable donor hair available helps determine:

  1. how much coverage you can realistically expect,
  2. how many grafts can be used
  3. and whether a transplant is suitable for you.

Below, we explain what a hair transplant can achieve at Norwood stages 5 to 7 and where its limits lie, including graft planning, preserving donor hair, cost and recovery.

Elithair doctor consulting with a patient at a white desk in Istanbul

Hair Transplant for Advanced Baldness: Before and After Results

Documented cases give you the clearest picture of what a hair transplant can achieve for advanced hair loss, including complete baldness. Here, you can see real patients before treatment and about twelve months afterwards.

Hair transplant before and after: overhead view of Dominik K.'s head with treatment markings and front view of the result
Before After

Dominik K. – 5,200 grafts

Niklas N. before and after: bald before treatment, with a full head of hair afterwards
Before After

Niklas N. – 4,000 grafts

Shahid A. before and after his hair transplant: shaved head with markings before the procedure and dense hair afterwards
Before After

Shahid A. – 4,000 grafts

The new hairline and how full your hair looks in everyday life play a particularly important role. For someone with advanced baldness, this visual improvement is a realistic yet impressive result.

What a Hair Transplant for Advanced Baldness Costs

All-inclusive pricing can be especially valuable when you need a large number of grafts. Many providers charge per graft, and at 6,000 grafts, the cost adds up quickly. At Elithair, treatments with 5,000 grafts and above have an all-inclusive price of £3,449, whether you need 5,000 or 6,000 grafts. There are no hidden charges.

The package includes DHI implantation with the CHOI Implanter Pen, the patented NEO FUE® Serum set with a dermaroller (provided at the clinic for use on days 14 and 28 after your procedure), Sleep-Deep sedation while the local anaesthetic is administered, the six-step Pre-Test System for your individual treatment plan, three nights at a 4-star hotel near the clinic, VIP local transfers, one PRP treatment, the care and medication package and twelve months of aftercare through the Elithair App.

The included PRP treatment takes place at the clinic on the day of your procedure. Only your flight is extra: you book it separately, and it typically costs around £90 to £220. Zero Shave FUE and Manual FUE are available as optional extraction methods at an additional cost.

Is one large session more cost-effective than several smaller ones? Usually, yes. Two separate smaller procedures mean two trips, two rounds of preparation and two recovery periods. One carefully planned, larger session is usually the more affordable option.

Elithair doctor in a white coat reviewing documents with a patient at the clinic in Istanbul
  • Price for 5,000+ grafts

    An all-inclusive package price of £3,449

  • For comparison

    UK clinic: £12,700 comparison figure for 5,000 to 6,000 grafts

Elithair and a UK Clinic Compared

Comparison of Elithair and a UK clinic by price, billing, included services and savings
Criterion Elithair UK clinic
Price for 5,000 to 6,000 grafts £3,449, all-inclusive package £12,700
Billing All-inclusive prices by graft tier –
Included services Hotel, transfers, Pre-Test System for your treatment plan, PRP, aftercare –
Your saving About 73% based on the comparison figures shown Comparison figure
Feasibility

Can You Have a Hair Transplant If You Are Bald?

The short answer: it depends on your donor area, not on the bald area.

For advanced hair loss, including complete baldness, the key question is how many healthy hair follicles remain in the band of hair at the back and sides of your head.

That area is your only source of new hair, and it is limited. That is why the same degree of baldness can lead to completely different recommendations for two different men.

Elithair medical specialist examining a patient's scalp with a dermatoscope, with magnified hair follicles shown on the monitor
Norwood 5
Norwood 6
Norwood 7
Bald areaRemaining band of hair

Here is a quick overview of what to expect:

  • Feasibility: A transplant is usually possible as long as the remaining band of hair is dense enough. Even Norwood 7 does not automatically rule it out. Donor density is what matters.
  • Grafts: Over your lifetime, the donor area can provide roughly 5,000 to 6,000 grafts (Unger et al. 2013). Full coverage of a completely bald head often requires more, which can leave you short of donor hair.
  • Realistic goal: Improved coverage, often prioritising the hairline and top of the scalp rather than trying to recreate the density of a scalp unaffected by hair loss in every area.
  • Cost: At Elithair, the current all-inclusive price for 5,000+ grafts is £3,449. The UK comparison figure used on Elithair's cost page for this tier is £12,700.
  • The first step: A free hair analysis based on your photos provides an initial assessment of your suitability and an estimate of the grafts needed.
Process

The Procedure and When You See the Results

Gloved hands using an implanter pen to place grafts into the scalp

The procedure is carried out under local anaesthetic on one treatment day during your four-day, three-night stay in Istanbul. It takes around five to eight hours, depending on the number of grafts being transplanted.

Brief twilight sedation, called Sleep-Deep, lets you sleep while the local anaesthetic is administered, with 0% pain throughout the procedure. Results develop over several months, so patience is worthwhile, especially when large areas are treated. The timeline below shows what happens at each stage.

  1. Days 1 to 3
    Crusting

    Crusting, mild redness and swelling can occur; light desk work is usually possible from day 2 or 3, depending on your role and recovery

  2. Week 2
    Loosening crusts

    On days 10 and 11, the crusts are gently loosened with the aftercare lotion, and from day 12 you can wash your hair with your usual shampoo

  3. In the first weeks after treatment
    Shock Loss

    Transplanted hair shafts may shed temporarily while the roots remain intact. Not every patient experiences this shedding.*

  4. From month 4
    First growth

    New growth begins by this stage at the latest, with roughly a further 10% of the result becoming visible each month

  5. Month 6
    40% visible

    Around 40% of the result is visible

  6. Month 12
    Most of the result visible

    Most of the final result is visible; the final result at the front of the scalp is reached after 10 to 12 months

  7. Months 12 to 18
    Final result

    Full density; the final result at the crown is visible after 15 to 18 months

In the first weeks after treatment, transplanted hair shafts may shed temporarily while the roots remain intact. Not every patient experiences this shedding.

White reception hall of the Elithair clinic with organically shaped columns and a glass façade
Patients with suitcases arriving in the lobby of the Elithair clinic
Clinic lobby with a large white sculpture and seating area
Clinic reception hall with an illuminated art installation
Bright treatment room with a light blue treatment chair
Patient in a transfer vehicle with comfortable leather seats
Evening view of the Istanbul skyline from the hotel
Elit Clinic waiting area with sofas and plants
Hotel Elitoria in Istanbul at dusk
Hotel Elitoria sign above Istanbul at sunset
Hotel room with a curved ceiling and a view of Istanbul
Bright hotel room with a double bed and panoramic window
Hotel room with a white bed, an orchid and a flat-screen TV
Hotel Elitoria with its illuminated entrance in the evening
Waiting lounge with a light installation on the ceiling
Aerial view of the Elit Clinic building in Istanbul
Prepared treatment room with large windows
Exterior of the clinic building in Istanbul
Hotel room with a rounded wall arch and city view
Spacious hotel room with ring-shaped ceiling lights
Patient in a transfer vehicle with comfortable leather seats
Evening view of the Istanbul skyline from the hotel
Elit Clinic waiting area with sofas and plants
Hotel Elitoria in Istanbul at dusk
Hotel Elitoria sign above Istanbul at sunset
Aerial view of the Elit Clinic building in Istanbul
Prepared treatment room with large windows
Exterior of the clinic building in Istanbul
Hotel Elitoria with its illuminated entrance in the evening
Waiting lounge with a light installation on the ceiling
Norwood scale

What Counts as Baldness? The Norwood Scale

The Norwood-Hamilton scale is commonly used to describe the pattern and extent of male-pattern hair loss, from stage 1 to stage 7.

On this page, advanced baldness refers mainly to Norwood stages 5 to 7.

This classification has practical implications: it determines the size of the area that needs coverage and how much donor hair is available to cover it.

Norwood stageWhat you see in the mirrorWhat it means for treatment
Norwood 4
Clearly bald area at the front and a bald spot beginning to form at the crown, separated by a band of hair
Readily treatable, with plenty of donor hair
Norwood 5
The bald zones at the front and crown grow larger; the band between them becomes narrow and thin
The last stage at which scalp donor hair is usually enough for full-looking coverage
Norwood 6
The bald areas at the front and crown have merged; the entire top of the head is bald, and only the fringe at the sides remains
Often requires clear coverage priorities and careful donor planning
Norwood 7
Only a narrow, horseshoe-shaped fringe remains at the back of the head and above the ears
Borderline; the result depends entirely on the density of the remaining band of hair

The key point is that the band of hair at the sides of your head is genetically resistant to DHT, the hormone that triggers hair loss. This hair usually lasts a lifetime and is also your only donor source.

Norwood 5 is considered the last stage at which an experienced doctor can achieve a truly full result with scalp hair alone.

From stage 6 onwards, planning often focuses on improving coverage in key areas and preserving donor hair rather than trying to recreate the original density across the entire scalp.

Donor Area

How Much Donor Hair Is Available?

A hair transplant for baldness does not "grow" new hair. It redistributes the hair you already have. The roots come from the safe donor area: the band of hair at the back of your head and above your ears. Because this hair is DHT-resistant, it does not fall out after transplantation either. But the supply is finite: the donor area contains an average of 65 to 85 hair follicles per square centimetre (Chouhan et al. 2019).

Only some of those follicles can be removed safely, because the donor area itself needs to stay dense and free of gaps. With average donor density, the entire safe donor area of about 80 to 100 square centimetres can provide roughly 5,000 to 6,000 grafts over your lifetime, potentially across several sessions.

That number does not change, no matter how large the bald area is. A Norwood 3 patient and a Norwood 7 patient have the same supply. One simply has far less to cover.

Elithair staff member examining a patient's head before a hair transplant
Preserving Donor Hair

Why We Don't Simply Take More

Two medical specialists in scrubs treating a patient lying down while a doctor in a white coat watches with a folder.

You might wonder whether removing more hair from the donor area would provide more grafts. This is called "overharvesting". The safety guideline is to remove at most one in four follicular units, preserving roughly 50 to 60 per cent of the original donor density.

Removing more leaves the donor area visibly thin or patchy, which often looks worse than the original baldness. The removed hair does not grow back, so the damage is irreversible.

That is why Elithair examines the donor area closely before every procedure. The results of the 6-step Pre-Test System are used to create your individual treatment plan, which also specifies how many grafts can reasonably and safely be removed. The limit is set before the first follicle is removed.

Graft counts

How Many Grafts Are Realistic for Complete Baldness or Norwood Stages 6–7?

Two numbers need to be compared: how many grafts you need and how many your donor area can provide. At lower Norwood stages, the supply comfortably meets the need. From Norwood 6 onwards, the gap widens noticeably.

Myth

The idea that a transplant is always impossible at Norwood 7 is a myth. Some clinics turn down all patients with Norwood 7 hair loss.

What matters

If the donor area is strong enough, some patients at Norwood 7 may see a meaningful improvement in appearance, especially at the front and middle of the scalp (Chouhan et al. 2019). Recreating the full density of a scalp unaffected by hair loss across the entire scalp is usually not realistic.

Norwood stageTypical graft requirement and donor capacitySituation
Norwood 5
Typical graft requirement 4,000 to 5,500
Donor capacity 5,000 to 6,000
Often feasible with suitable donor characteristics
Norwood 6
Typical graft requirement 5,000 to 6,000
Donor capacity 5,000 to 6,000
Feasibility depends on donor assessment and coverage priorities
Norwood 7
Typical graft requirement 5,000 to 6,000
Donor capacity 5,000 to 6,000
Often insufficient for full coverage
Doctor wearing a surgical cap, face mask and safety glasses implanting grafts into the scalp of a patient lying down

Treating a completely bald head usually involves 5,000 to 6,000 grafts, which typically uses the entire available donor reserve. Even if half of your donor hair could theoretically be removed, distributing it across the bald area would restore about 35 to 50 per cent of your original hair density, rather than 100 per cent.

Coverage can look better than the number of grafts alone might suggest for several reasons:

  1. Grafts can be concentrated strategically in the areas with the greatest visual impact.
  2. When placed at the right angle, the hairs overlap like roof tiles and cast shadows on the scalp. Longer hair creates the appearance of more coverage than the density figure alone would suggest.

Keep in mind: thick, dark, wavy hair provides much better visual coverage than fine, light, straight hair with the same number of grafts.

As a rough rule of thumb, doubling the hair diameter roughly quadruples the visual density per graft. Two men with the same Norwood stage and the same number of grafts can therefore get very different results. For a natural-looking result, we aim for about 30 to 50 grafts per square centimetre, depending on how much hair your donor area can provide and how thick your hair is.

Second donor source

Beard and Body Hair as a Second Donor Source

For some patients with advanced hair loss, beard or body hair may be considered as an additional donor source when the supply of donor hair from the scalp is limited.

This noticeably increases the supply of donor hair and can make the difference between sparse coverage and a fuller-looking result. Beard hair is the most valuable supplementary source. It is strong and thick, making it well suited to adding volume to the top of the head and the crown, where volume matters more than a fine hairline. Hair from the chest or back can provide additional grafts when a very large number is needed.

Many providers fail to make an important limitation clear: beard and body hair can only supplement scalp hair; they cannot serve as the sole donor source. Their growth cycles and structure differ from those of scalp hair, which is why a transplant using body hair alone does not produce a natural, even result.

Side profile of a man before treatment with markings outlining the hairline and beard
Donor Sources

Donor Sources Compared

Graft survival rate and the role of the three donor sources in treating baldness
Donor source Graft Survival Rate Role in treating baldness
Scalp fringe approx. 98% Primary source for fine hair at the hairline and coverage on top of the head
Beard hair about 85 to 90% Supplementary source for greater volume on top of the head and at the crown
Body hair (chest, back) about 85 to 90% Supplementary option for selected patients who need a large number of grafts
  • 5-Doctor
    Standard
  • 6-step
    Pre-Test System
  • Sleep-Deep
    0 % pain
  • DHI technique
    included
  • 20-year
    guarantee
  • 12 months
    of aftercare
Priorities

Which Areas Take Priority with Severe Hair Loss?

Elithair doctor drawing the new hairline on the forehead of a patient with hair loss

When donor supply is limited, the treatment plan has to prioritise where grafts will create the greatest visual benefit.

  1. Frontal hairline
  2. Mid-scalp
  3. The crown (vertex) at the back of the head

The hairline and middle of the scalp often take priority because they frame your face and are most visible from the front. With very advanced hair loss, a lower density may be planned for the crown to preserve donor hair for areas with higher priority.

The goal is the appearance of fullness rather than full density. Your hair can look full and natural without the same number of hairs you had at 20, as long as they are distributed strategically.

second session

When Advanced Baldness May Need More Than One Session

A typical hair transplant for a receding hairline involves 2,000 to 3,500 grafts. Baldness calls for a much more extensive treatment, with several thousand grafts extracted and implanted in one day.

Procedures involving a large number of grafts require careful management of the donor area, graft handling, hydration, temperature control and team coordination, because thousands of follicles are extracted and implanted one by one. The insertion depth is determined beforehand in the Pre-Test System from your skin thickness and blood flow and built into your individual treatment plan, which makes a graft survival rate of approximately 98% possible.

At Norwood 6 and 7, a second session is often part of the plan. At Elithair, we explain this openly before surgery so it does not come as a surprise afterwards. A second session can take place no earlier than six months after the first, whether it treats a new area or adds density to areas that have already been treated. During that time, the donor area recovers and the treated area heals, allowing the results of the first session to be assessed before the second is planned.

Patient before his first hair transplant, side view with blue markings and a KN95 mask
Man shortly after a hair transplant with a shaved hairline, and later with thick, styled hair.
Before-and-after comparison of a man with thinning hair on top before and noticeably thicker hair afterwards.
Man with thinning hair at the front before a hair transplant, and thick, dark hair afterwards.
Side-by-side comparison of a man with a receding hairline before treatment and a fuller hairline with shorter sides afterwards.
Man with marked areas of sparse beard growth before a beard transplant, and a thick, full beard afterwards.
Woman with a marked, receding hairline before treatment, and thicker hair along her forehead afterwards.
Before-and-after comparison of a man with patchy beard growth before treatment and a thick, full beard afterwards.
Man with a receding hairline before a hair transplant, and a fuller hairline afterwards.
Man with a marked, receding hairline before a transplant, and a dense, lower hairline afterwards.
Top of a man's head before and after a hair transplant: severely thinning hair before, thick coverage afterwards.
Man with a receding hairline before a hair transplant, and thicker hair along his forehead and temples afterwards.
Man with a receding hairline before treatment, and thicker hair styled upwards afterwards.
Man with a shaved head and marked hairline before a hair transplant, and thick, dark hair afterwards.
Man with thinning hair at the front before a hair transplant, and thick hair afterwards.
Woman with a marked, receding hairline before a transplant, and a fuller hairline afterwards.
Man before and after a hair transplant: thinning hair at the front before, a fuller hairline afterwards.
Man with sparse beard growth on his cheeks before a beard transplant, and a thick, full beard afterwards.
Man with receding temples before treatment, and a fuller, denser hairline afterwards.
Overhead view of a man before and after a hair transplant: thinning hair at the front before, a dense hairline afterwards.
Before-and-after beard transplant comparison: marked cheeks with sparse beard growth, followed by a thick, full beard.
Woman with a marked, receding hairline before treatment, and thicker hair along her forehead afterwards.
Before-and-after comparison of a man with patchy beard growth before treatment and a thick, full beard afterwards.
Man with a receding hairline before a hair transplant, and a fuller hairline afterwards.
Man with a marked, receding hairline before a transplant, and a dense, lower hairline afterwards.
Top of a man's head before and after a hair transplant: severely thinning hair before, thick coverage afterwards.
Man before and after a hair transplant: thinning hair at the front before, a fuller hairline afterwards.
Man with sparse beard growth on his cheeks before a beard transplant, and a thick, full beard afterwards.
Man with receding temples before treatment, and a fuller, denser hairline afterwards.
Man with thinning hair at the front before a hair transplant, and thick hair afterwards.
Woman with a marked, receding hairline before a transplant, and a fuller hairline afterwards.
An honest no

When a Hair Transplant Is Not Possible

Our commitment to honest advice means we decline to treat around 40% of applicants. In these cases, we advise against surgery because a transplant would be ineffective or could cause harm, rather than simply as a routine precaution.

Diffuse unpatterned alopecia (DUPA)
If your hair thins across your entire scalp, including the band of hair at the back, a transplant cannot work as intended. Donor hair affected by this condition continues to thin after transplantation.
Scarring alopecias (e.g. lichen planopilaris, FFA, lupus)
As long as an inflammatory hair condition is active, grafts do not take, and the procedure can make the hair loss worse.
Unstable hair loss
If hair loss is active, it is not possible to plan for a lasting result. If more than 35% of the hairs in the target area are miniaturised, surgery is clearly contraindicated. Hair loss should first be stabilised with medication for 6 to 12 months.
Insufficient donor hair
If the remaining band of hair has a density below the guideline of about 40 to 55 follicles per cm², there is not enough donor hair. In that case, a transplant is not medically appropriate.
Our philosophy
Doctor using a laser to measure the hairline of a patient with a closely shaved head.

An Honest No

If any of these points applies to you, an honest recommendation against surgery is more valuable than a procedure that cannot deliver a natural, good-looking result.

Declining or postponing treatment when the donor area or diagnosis is unsuitable is part of responsible surgical planning.

Methods

Alternatives When a Transplant Is Not Possible or Not Enough

Smiling patient during a consultation with a doctor at a modern desk

If surgery is not appropriate, non-surgical or cosmetic options may still help depending on the diagnosis and the result you want.

Hair Transplant

Your own donor hair is redistributed; donor follicles are generally more resistant to androgen-related miniaturisation. Suitable when the donor area is sufficiently dense.

  • Limit: Limited by donor hair

Scalp micropigmentation (SMP)

Fine pigment deposits recreate the appearance of a closely shaved hairline. Suitable when the donor area is too small, for a closely shaved look, or to complement a transplant.

  • Limitation: no real hair; touch-ups every 3 to 5 years

Medication

Finasteride and minoxidil may help manage androgenetic hair loss in suitable patients. Suitable in the early stages and for stabilisation before a transplant.

  • Limit: Cannot recreate follicles in completely bald areas

Hair system

A hair system or hairpiece is worn or attached to the scalp. Suitable when surgery is not wanted or not possible.

  • Limit: Regular maintenance, not your own hair
FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions About Hair Transplants for Baldness

In most cases, yes, as long as the band of hair at the back and sides of your head is still dense enough. This is the source of donor hair for the transplant. If the donor area is too thin or is itself affected by hair loss, a transplant is not appropriate. A free hair analysis determines this before treatment.

Yes, if the donor area provides enough hair. The result is natural-looking, denser coverage focused on the hairline and the top of the head, rather than the full density of your youth across the entire scalp. About 35 to 50 per cent of the original density is usually realistic. With strategic graft placement, this can look like a full head of hair in everyday life.

Norwood 7 does not automatically rule out a transplant, even if some clinics treat it that way. What matters is the density of your remaining donor hair. If it is sufficient, a noticeable improvement is possible, usually with one large session and often a second. Full restoration is not realistic at Norwood 7.

Treating a completely bald head usually involves 5,000 to 6,000 grafts. The donor area typically cannot provide more, because its lifetime capacity is capped at roughly 5,000 to 6,000 grafts. At Norwood 7, that is often not enough for full coverage, but it is enough for a clear visual improvement at the hairline and on top.

At Elithair, the all-inclusive package prices are currently £3,249 for 4,000 grafts and £3,449 for 5,000+ grafts. The UK comparison figures used on Elithair's cost page for these packages are £10,100 and £12,700, representing savings of 68% and 73% respectively.

Yes, a 5,000-graft transplant is a large procedure, well above a typical session of 3,000 to 4,000 grafts. It uses a substantial proportion of the available donor hair and is typical for Norwood 6 and above. At Elithair, treatment with 5,000 grafts or more costs a flat £3,449.

Yes, as a supplement. If your scalp does not provide enough donor hair, beard hair can add substantial volume to the top of your head, and hair from the chest or back can provide additional grafts. These grafts have survival rates of around 85 to 90 per cent. Keep in mind: beard and body hair can only supplement scalp hair, rather than serve as the sole donor source, because their growth cycles differ.

At lower stages, one session with the required number of grafts is enough. At Norwood 6 and 7, a second session is often part of the plan, and Elithair explains this openly before surgery. A second session, whether it treats a new area or adds density to treated areas, can take place no earlier than six months after the first procedure. This gives the donor area time to recover and allows the results of the first session to be assessed.

In the first weeks after the procedure, the transplanted hairs may fall out temporarily (shock loss). Not every patient experiences shock loss. New growth begins by the fourth month at the latest, with about 10% more growth each month after that. Initial results become visible after six months, and the final result at the front is visible after 10 to 12 months. In the crown area, the final density becomes visible after 15 to 18 months.

Yes, if the grafts are placed strategically and at a natural angle. Single-hair grafts create a fine, natural-looking hairline, while thicker grafts add volume to the top of your head. The hairs overlap like roof tiles and cast shadows on the scalp, making your hair look full in everyday life even if its measured density is lower than when you were younger.

Yes, although this is often misunderstood. Transplanted donor hair remains permanently because it is DHT-resistant. Your remaining, non-transplanted hair can continue to fall out. At Norwood 6 and 7, hair loss is usually already advanced, so the risk of further loss is lower than in younger patients. Good planning accounts for that possibility.

The transplanted hair does not fall out again. If hereditary hair loss continues to thin your remaining non-transplanted hair, bald areas can reappear around the transplanted hair. This is known as the halo effect. If you still have enough non-transplanted hair, finasteride can help prevent this. With very advanced hair loss, the risk is low because little non-transplanted hair remains.

Transplanted hair is permanent because it is genetically resistant to hereditary hair loss. It continues to grow in its new location throughout your life. Elithair provides a 20-year written guarantee on transplanted hair, provided you follow the aftercare instructions. Your surrounding, non-transplanted hair can change over time, while the transplanted hair remains.